The effect of Helicobacter pylori infection on duodenal bulbar microbiota in children with duodenal ulcer / 中华儿科杂志

Objective: To investigate the characteristics of duodenal bulbar microbiota in children with duodenal ulcer and Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection. Methods: This prospective cohort study enrolled 23 children with duodenal ulcers diagnosed by gastroscopy who were admitted to the Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine due to abdominal pain, abdominal distension, and vomiting from January 2018 to August 2018. They were divided into Hp-positive and Hp-negative groups according to the presence or absence of Hp infection. Duodenal bulbar mucosa was sampled to detect the bacterial DNA by high-throughput sequencing. The statistical difference in α diversity and β diversity, and the relative abundance in taxonomic level between the two groups were compared. Microbial functions were predicted using the software PICRUSt. T-test, Rank sum test or χ2 test were used for comparison between the two groups. Results: A total of 23 children diagnosed with duodenal ulcer were enrolled in this study, including 15 cases with Hp infection ((11.2±3.3) years of age, 11 males and 4 females) and 8 cases without Hp infection ((10.1±4.4) years of age, 6 males and 2 females). Compared with Hp-negative group, the Hp-positive group had higher Helicobacter abundance (0.551% (0.258%, 5.368%) vs. 0.143% (0.039%, 0.762%), Z=2.00, P=0.045) and lower abundance of Fusobacterium, Streptococcus and unclassified- Comamonadaceae (0.010% (0.001%, 0.031%) vs. 0.049% (0.011%, 0.310%), Z=-2.24, P=0.025; 0.031% (0.015%, 0.092%) vs. 0.118% (0.046%, 0.410%), Z=-2.10, P=0.036; 0.046% (0.036%, 0.062%) vs. 0.110% (0.045%, 0.176%), Z=-2.01, P=0.045). Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect sized showed that at the genus level, only Helicobacter was significantly enriched in Hp-positive group (LDA=4.89, P=0.045), while Streptococcus and Fusobacterium significantly enriched in Hp-negative group (LDA=3.28, 3.11;P=0.036,0.025, respectively). PICRUSt microbial function prediction showed that the expression of oxidative phosphorylation and disease-related pathways (pathways in cancer, renal cell carcinoma, amoebiasis, type 1 diabetes mellitus) in Hp-positive group were significantly higher than that in Hp-negative group (all P<0.05), while the expression of pathways such as energy metabolism and phosphotransferase system pathways were significantly lower than that in Hp-negative group (all P<0.05). Conclusion: In children with Hp-infected duodenal ulcers, the mucosal microbiota of the duodenal bulb is altered, characterized by an increased abundance of Helicobacter and a decreased abundance of Clostridium and Streptococcus, and possibly alters the biological function of the commensal microbiota through specific metabolic pathways.

Change in prevalence and pattern of peptic ulcer disease in the Northern Savannah of Nigeria: An endoscopic study

Background: Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is common worldwide. Its incidence and prevalence have been declining in recent years in developed countries, and a similar trend has been observed in many parts of Africa including Nigeria. Aim: This study aimed to provide an endoscopic update on PUD in the Northern Savannah of Nigeria and compare with past reports from the region and recent reports from Nigeria, Africa, and the rest of the world. Methods: Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy records of consecutive patients diagnosed with PUD between January 2014 and September 2022 at an endoscopy unit of a tertiary institution in North West Nigeria were retrieved and demographic data, types of peptic ulcer, and their characteristics were extracted and analyzed. Results: Over a 9 year period, 171/1958 (8.7%) patients were diagnosed with PUD: mean age 48.8 years (range 14­85), 68.4% male, and 70% >40 years. 59.6% were gastric ulcers (GU), 31.6% duodenal ulcers (DU), and 8.8% were both. The mean age of patients with GU was slightly higher than those with DU (49.9 years vs. 46.6 years, P = 0.29); patients aged 40 years significantly more GU than DU (74.6% vs. 54.7%, P = 0.016). There were no significant gender differences between GU and DU. Conclusion: The prevalence and pattern of PUD in Northern Savannah of Nigeria have changed ­ patients were predominantly male and older, and GU predominated.

Tratamiento laparoscópico de úlcera duodenal perforada mediante parche de Graham en un paciente pediátrico / Laparoscopic treatment of perforated duodenal ulcer using a Graham patch in a pediatric patient

Introducción. La úlcera duodenal perforada es una entidad de etiología no clara que rara vez ocurre en la población pediátrica. Generalmente se diagnostica de manera intraoperatoria y el tratamiento ideal incluye el uso del parche de epiplón o de ser necesario, la resección quirúrgica. Caso clínico. Se presenta un paciente de 12 años con abdomen agudo y diagnóstico tomográfico prequirúrgico de úlcera duodenal perforada, tratado por vía laparoscópica con drenaje de peritonitis y parche de Graham. La evolución y el seguimiento posterior fueron adecuados. Discusión. La úlcera duodenal perforada es una entidad multifactorial, en la que se ha implicado el Helicobacter pylori. El diagnóstico preoperatorio es un reto y el tratamiento debe ser quirúrgico. Conclusiones. Cuando se logra establecer el diagnóstico preoperatorio, se puede realizar un abordaje laparoscópico y el uso del parche de Graham cuando las úlceras son menores de dos centímetros.

Introduction. Perforated duodenal ulcer is an entity of unclear etiology that rarely occurs in the pediatric population. It is usually diagnosed intraoperatively and the ideal treatment includes the use of the omentum patch or, if necessary, surgical resection. Clinical case. A 12-year-old patient with acute abdomen and preoperative tomographic diagnosis of perforated duodenal ulcer, treated laparoscopically with peritonitis drainage and Graham patch is presented. The evolution and subsequent follow-up were adequate. Discussion. Perforated duodenal ulcer is a multifactorial entity, in which Helicobacter pylori has been implicated. Preoperative diagnosis is challenging and treatment must be surgical. Conclusions. When the preoperative diagnosis is established, a laparoscopic approach and the use of the Graham patch can be performed when the ulcers are less than two centimeters.

Upper gastrointestinal ulcer in children: a clinical analysis of 173 cases / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the clinical manifestations and gastroscopic characteristics of upper gastrointestinal ulcer in children.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis was performed for the children who underwent gastroscopy and were found to have upper gastrointestinal ulcer for the first time at the Endoscopy Center of Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, from January 2011 to May 2021. According to the cause of the disease, they were divided into primary ulcer group (primary group; n=148) and secondary ulcer group (secondary group; n=25). The clinical data were compared between the two groups.@*RESULTS@#A total of 173 children with upper gastrointestinal ulcer were enrolled, with a male/female ratio of 3.9:1. Compared with girls, boys had significantly higher proportions of duodenal ulcer and primary ulcer (P<0.05). Compared with the children aged below 6 years, the children aged 6-14 years had higher proportions of duodenal ulcer and primary ulcer and lower proportions of giant ulcer and multiple ulcers. Of the 148 children in the primary group, 95 (64.2%) had Helicobacter pylori infection. Abdominal pain was the most common clinical symptom and was observed in 101 children (68.2%). Duodenal ulcer was common and was observed in 115 children (77.7%), followed by gastric ulcer in 25 children (16.9%) and esophageal ulcer in 7 children (4.7%). Multiple ulcers were observed in 32 children (21.6%). Seventy children (47.3%) experienced complications, among which bleeding was the most common complication and was observed in 63 children (43.6%). Of the 25 children in the secondary group, abdominal pain was the most common clinical symptom and was observed in 9 children (36.0%), with a significantly lower incidence rate than the primary group (P<0.05); foreign body in the digestive tract was the most common cause of ulcer and was observed in 17 children (68%), followed by abdominal Henoch-Schönlein purpura in 5 children (20.0%) and Crohn's disease in 3 children (12.0%). The secondary group had a significantly higher proportion of multiple ulcer or giant ulcer than the primary group (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Upper gastrointestinal ulcer is more common in boys than girls, and duodenal ulcer and primary ulcer are more common in boys. Children aged 6-14 years often have duodenal ulcer and primary ulcer, and giant ulcer and multiple ulcers are relatively uncommon. Primary ulcer in children has a variety of clinical manifestations, mainly abdominal pain, and duodenal ulcer is relatively common, with bleeding as the main complication. The clinical symptoms and endoscopic manifestations of secondary ulcer are closely associated with the primary causes, and it is more likely to induce huge ulcers and multiple ulcers.

Intususcepción yeyunogástrica retrógrada en un paciente con historia de gastroyeyunostomía hace 20 años: reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura / Retrograde jejunogastric intussusception in a patient with underlying history of gastrojejunostomy 20 years ago: Case report and literature review

Resumen La intususcepción yeyunogástrica es una complicación rara, pero potencialmente fatal de acuerdo con el momento de su diagnóstico e intervención. Debido a su baja incidencia, se requiere de una alta sospecha diagnóstica, basada en la clínica y los antecedentes quirúrgicos. En el presente reporte se expone el caso de un paciente de 74 años, con historia de gastroyeyunostomía y cerclaje duodenal realizados como parte del manejo de úlcera duodenal 20 años atrás. Se presentó por urgencias luego de 7 días de inicio de los síntomas caracterizados por dolor, intolerancia a la vía oral y hematemesis. Su diagnóstico se realizó mediante endoscopia de vías digestivas altas y su manejo definitivo, mediante gastrectomía subtotal y reconstrucción en Y de Roux transmesocólica por laparotomía.

Abstract Retrograde jejunogastric intussusception is a rare but potentially fatal complication, according to the time of diagnosis and intervention. Due to its low incidence, a high diagnostic suspicion is required, based on the clinical and surgical history. This study presents the case of a patient of 74 years old with a history of gastrojejunostomy and duodenal cerclage performed as part of duodenal ulcer treatment 20 years ago. The patient was admitted to the emergency unit, after 7 days of having symptoms such as pain, intolerance to oral intake, and hematemesis. Diagnosis was performed by upper digestive tract endoscopy and the final treatment by subtotal gastrectomy and transmesocolic Roux-en-Y reconstruction by laparotomy.

Perforated duodenal ulcer after laparoscopic roux-y gastric bypass. Case report / Perforación duodenal posterior a bypass gástrico con reconstrucción en Y de Roux. Reporte de caso

SUMMARY Introduction: Gastric bypass is one of the strategies that have shown better results in the management of obesity, since this technique is the one that strikes a better balance between risk, side effects and long-term results. It consists in the creation of a gastric reservoir that anastomosis to the jejunum, reducing the size of the gastric chamber and thus the patient tolerates less food and decreasing its intake. One of the less frequent late complications is duodenal perforation. For this reason, we present this case report, according to the CARE guideline. Case presentation: 47-year-old male patient with a history of gastric bypass due to obesity, who consults for sudden onset of abdominal pain. Physical examination showed signs of peritoneal irritation and systemic inflammatory response. Exploratory laparoscopy was performed with suspected hollow viscus perforation, which evidenced a 1 cm ulcer on the anterior aspect of the duodenal bulb, requiring omentoplasty by laparotomy. Conclusions: Perforated duodenal ulcer in patients with a history of gastric bypass is a rare diagnosis. It has a non-specific clinical presentation, which is why exploratory laparoscopy is considered a valid diagnostic and therapeutic strategy.

RESUMEN Introducción: una de las estrategias que han demostrado resultados superiores para el manejo de la obesidad es el bypass gástrico, ya que esta técnica es la que reúne un major equilibrio entre el riesgo, efectos secundarios y los resultados a largo plazo. Consiste en la creación de un reservorio gástrico que se anastomosa al yeyuno, reduciendo el tamaño de la cámara gástrica y haciendo que el paciente tolere menos los alimentos, para que se disminuya la ingesta de estos. Dentro de las complicaciones tardías menos frecuentes se encuentra la perforación duodenal, motivo por el cual se presenta este reporte de caso de acuerdo con la guía CARE. Presentación del caso: hombre de 47 años y antecedente de bypass gástrico por obesidad, que consulta por dolor abdominal de inicio súbito. A la valoración con examen físico con hallazgos de irritación peritoneal y signos de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica. Es llevado a laparoscopia exploratoria con sospecha de perforación de la víscera hueca. Se evidenció una úlcera en la cara anterior del bulbo duodenal de 1 cm que requirió de epiploplastia por laparotomía. Conclusiones: la úlcera duodenal perforada en pacientes con antecedente de bypass gástrico es un diagnóstico poco frecuente con presentación clínica inespecífica, por esto se considera la laparoscopia exploratoria como una estrategia diagnóstica y terapéutica válida.

Infección por Helicobacter pylori y factores asociados en adultos con sospecha clínica de úlcera duodenal / Helicobacter pylori infection and associated factors in adults with a clinical suspicion of duodenal ulcer

RESUMEN Introducción: la infección por Helicobacter pylori es la enfermedad bacteriana crónica que afecta con mayor prevalencia al ser humano. Objetivo: identificar la frecuencia de infección por Helicobacter pylori y su relación con variables consideradas factores de riesgo de esta infección. Materiales y métodos: estudio de corte transversal realizado en el Policlínico Docente Camilo Cienfuegos, del municipio Habana del Este, durante el año 2018, en un universo de 42 pacientes con 18 años y más de edad, con sospecha clínica y hallazgo endoscópico de úlcera duodenal e informe del resultado de estudio histológico para el diagnóstico de la infección. Se confeccionó una planilla de recolección de datos que incluyó variables como hacinamiento, agua de consumo, lugar de nacimiento, estancia en una institución, contacto con animales y antecedentes familiares. Se determinó relación entre variables con la prueba de chi cuadrado (c2) con significación estadística ɒ = 0,05, y se identificaron variables cuyos coeficientes fueron significativamente diferentes de 0 (p < 0,05). La fuerza de asociación se determinó mediante odds ratio. Resultados: la prevalencia fue de 59,5 %. Se encontró asociación estadística y constituyeron factores de riesgo de infección por Helicobacter pylori, el hacinamiento (c2 = 4,37; OR = 3,89), el agua de consumo (c2 = 4,92; OR = 3,43), el contacto con animales (c2 = 7,41; OR = 6,17) y los antecedentes familiares (c2 = 13,18; OR = 13). Conclusiones: el estudio permitió determinar la prevalencia de infección por Helicobacter pylori y las principales variables asociadas, coincidiendo con otros estudios revisados que tratan el tema (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: the infection by Helicobacter pylori is the chronic bacterial disease that affects the human being with greater prevalence. Objective: to identify the frequency of the infection by Helicobacter pylori and its relationship with variables considered risk factors for this infection. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional study was carried out in the teaching Polyclinic Camilo Cienfuegos, municipality Habana del Este, during 2018. In a universe of 42 patients aged 18 years and over, with clinical suspicion and endoscopic diagnosis of duodenal ulcer and histological study report for the diagnosis of the infection. A data collection form was made, which included variables such as: overcrowding, consumption water, place of birth, staying in an institution, contact with animals, and family history. The relationship within variables was found using the chi-square test (c2) with statistical significance ɒ = 0.05, and there were identified variables significantly different from 0 (p < 0.05). The association strength was determined through odds ratio. Results: the prevalence was 59.5%. Statistical association was found and overcrowding (c2 = 4.37, OR = 3.89), consumption water (c2 = 4.92; OR = 3.43), contact with animals (c2 = 7.41, OR = 6.17) and family history (c2 = 13.18, OR = 13) were found risk factors for Helicobacter pylori infection. Conclusions: the study allowed to determine the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and the main associated variables, coinciding with other reviewed studies dealing with the subject (AU).

Úlcera duodenal benigna con penetración en cabeza de páncreas, con obstrucción de la vía biliar / Benign duodenal ulcer penetrating into pancreas, with obstruction of common bile duct

Resumen Objetivo: Reportamos un caso clínico con presentación atípica de una úlcera duodenal benigna que simula el cuadro clínico y radiológico de una neoplasia de páncreas. Materiales y Método: Presentamos el caso de un varón de 83 años que debuta con un cuadro clínico de astenia e ictericia mucocutánea. En estudio de imagen se identifica una masa en cabeza pancreática. En estudio endoscópico se observa úlcera duodenal benigna penetrada a cabeza de páncreas que condiciona obstrucción de vía biliar. Discusión y Conclusiones: El manejo de estos pacientes suele ser quirúrgico porque desarrollan un deterioro asociado a sepsis o perforación. Si la situación clínica lo permite se puede intentar un tratamiento conservador. En nuestro caso el paciente precisó un mes de hospitalización con antibioticoterapia intravenosa de amplio espectro, reposo alimentario, nutrición parenteral y tratamiento con inhibidores de la bomba de protones (IBP) para la resolución del cuadro. La penetración o fistulización a la cabeza del páncreas es una complicación grave e infrecuente de la enfermedad ulcerosa péptica. Su manejo puede ser conservador en casos seleccionados donde no exista perforación de la úlcera a la cavidad peritoneal, ni exista deterioro séptico ni hemodinámico.

Aim: To report an atypical presentation of a benign duodenal ulcer that simulates pancreatic neoplasia. Materials and Method: A case of a 83 years old male patient with astenia and jaundice due to a benign duodenal ulcer penetrating into the pancreas with obstruction of common bile duct. Imagining study identified a pancreatic head mass. The patient required one month admission, receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics, parenteral nutrition and intravenous proton pump inhibitors. Discussion and Conclusion: Due to frequent complications associated to this condition, such as haemodynamic failure, sepsis or free peritoneal perforation, surgery is the main treatment. However, in mild cases, as in our patient, conservative management can be considered. Penetration or fistulization to the head of the pancreas is a rare and serious complication of peptic ulcer disease. Its management can be conservative in selected cases where there is no perforation of the ulcer into the peritoneal cavity, nor septic or hemodynamic deterioration.

Endoscopic Hemostasis and Its Related Factors of Duodenal Hemorrhage / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To analyze clinical characteristics and short-term efficacy of endoscopic hemostasis in acute duodenal hemorrhage. Methods A retrospective study was conducted for the patients who received endoscopy in the PUMC Hospital due to upper gastrointestinal bleeding and were confirmed to be on account of duodenal lesions for bleeding from January 2011 to December 2018.Clinical information of patients was collected,including demographics,comorbidities,and medication use.Endoscopic information included the origin of bleeding,the number and location of lesions,Forrest classes and size of ulcers,and endoscopic therapeutic methods.Factors that could be relative to the failure of endoscopic hemostasis or short-term recurrence of hemorrhage in these patients were analyzed. Results Among all the patients with duodenal hemorrhage,79.7%(102/128)were due to ulcers,14.1%(18/128)to tumors,3.9%(5/128)to vascular malformation,and 2.3%(3/128)to diverticulum.Fifty-three(41.4%)patients received endoscopic hemostasis,and six patients(4.7%)received surgery or interventional embolization after the endoscopic test.Among the patients receiving endoscopic hemostasis,5.7%(3/53),66.0%(35/53),and 28.3%(15/53)received injection therapy,mechanical therapy,and dual endoscopic therapy,respectively,and 94.3% of them were cured.However,10(18.9%)of them experienced recurrence of hemorrhage and 3 patients died during hospitalization.Only one patient suffered from perforation after the second endoscopic treatment.Lesions located on the posterior wall of bulb appeared to be a risk factor for the failure of endoscopic hemostasis(OR=31.333,95% CI=2.172-452.072,P=0.021).The lesion diameter≥1 cm was a risk factor of rebleeding after endoscopic therapy(OR=7.000,95% CI=1.381-35.478,P=0.023).Conclusions Peptic ulcers were always blamed and diverticulum could also be a common reason for duodenal hemorrhage,which was different from the etiological constitution of acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage.Lesions locating on the posterior wall of the duodenum had a higher potential to fail the endoscopic hemostasis.The lesion diameter≥1 cm was a predictive factor for short-term recurrence.Forrest classes of ulcers at duodenum did not significantly affect the endoscopic therapeutic efficacy or prognosis.

Characteristics of 3586 Han and Uyghur patients with peptic ulcer in Xinjiang / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVES@#To compare the features of patients with peptic ulcer between Han and Uyghur ethnicity from 2013 to 2018 in Xinjiang and to provide the evidence of prevention and treatment for the different ethnicity.@*METHODS@#Data of 3 586 patients with peptic ulcer (3 293 Han and 293 Uyghur) in the Karamay Central Hospital of Xinjiang, including the detection rate of peptic ulcer, () detection rate of population, season, gender, lesion location and complication, were collected from January 2013 to December 2018 and compared between 2 nationalities.@*RESULTS@#There were significant difference in the detection rate of peptic ulcer and population's between Han and Uyghur (<0.01). The detection rates for peptic ulcer of Han were sustainable declined from 15.20% to 10.23%, while Uyghur's detective rates for peptic ulcer were raised again from 17.49% to 8.38%. The detection rate of Uyghur's population was higher than that of Han (<0.01). There were significant difference in the season's detection rate for peptic ulcer between Han and Uyghur (<0.01). The detection rate for peptic ulcer of Han was the highest in the winter, while that of Uyghur was the highest in the spring. The detective rate of Uyghur's peptic ulcer was significant higher than that of Han in the spring (<0.01). The detection rates for peptic ulcer of 2 nationality were the highest at ≤25 age groups, the detection rate for Uyghur's peptic ulcer was higher than that of Han at ≤35 age groups (<0.05). There were more men than women in peptic ulcer in the 2 nationalities. The approximate proportion was 2꞉1. The rates of multiple gastric ulcer and compound duodenal ulcer of Han were more than those of Uyghur (<0.05), but the rate for pyloric obstruction of Uyghur patient was higher than that of Han (<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#There are statistical difference in detection rate of PU, detection rate of population, morbidity season, age, complication and the rate of complex ulcer between Han and Uyghur, However, there aren't statistical difference in detection rate of peptic ulcer patient, the gender, lesion location between the 2 nationalities during last 6 years.

Píloro doble. Presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Double pylorus. Case report and literature review

RESUMEN El doble píloro es una comunicación anormal entre el antro gástrico y el bulbo duodenal y representa un raro hallazgo endoscópico. Se presentó un paciente de 80 años de edad, con antecedentes de hipertensión arterial, fumador inveterado, tomador de aspirina, que presentó melena aproximadamente 15 días antes del ingreso. La videoendoscopia reveló la existencia de dos orificios similares en el antro, que se comunicaban con el bulbo duodenal de manera independiente que fueron catalogados como píloros. La comunicación se constató con el paso del endoscopio a su través. Se impuso tratamiento médico con inhibidores de la bomba de protones y la evolución fue favorable. Es el cuarto caso reportado en la literatura en nuestro país y el primero en la provincia de Matanzas.

ABSTRACT Double pylorus is an abnormal communication between the gastric antrum and the duodenal bulb and represents a rare endoscopic finding. It is presented the case of a patient aged 80 years, with a background of arterial hypertension, inveterate smoker, taking aspirin, who presented melena about 15 days before the admission. The video-endoscopy revealed the existence of two similar orifices in the antrum that were independently communicating with the duodenal bulb and they went catalogued like pylori. The communication was proved by passing the endoscope through it. He was treated with IBP (the Spanish acronym for proton bomb inhibitors) and the evolution was favorable. It is the fourth case reported in the literature in Cuba and the first one in Matanzas.

Usefulness of Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Peptic Ulcer Disease in Children / 대한소아소화기영양학회지

PURPOSE: This study was performed to assess the clinical usefulness of transabdominal ultrasonography (TUS) in detecting peptic ulcer disease (PUD) in children. METHODS: Twenty-four patients (19 boys, 5 girls; mean age, 10.6±4.5 years [range, 3.0–17.9 years]) who were admitted to the hospital for acute abdomen or gastrointestinal bleeding and diagnosed with PUD by endoscopy and who underwent TUS were included. Clinical data were retrospectively collected by reviewing patient medical records. Gastric ulcer (GU) was suspected when the gastric wall exceeded 8 mm in thickness and had lost its five-layer structure on TUS. Duodenal ulcer (DU) was suspected if the duodenal wall thickness exceeded 5 mm. RESULTS: Sensitivity of TUS in diagnosing PUD was 66.7% for GU and 38.9% for DU. Mean age and body weight of the 11 patients suspected with PUD on TUS were 10.9±4.4 years and 38.1±17.2 kg, respectively. For 13 patients without suspected PUD, they were 12.1±4.1 years and 39.6±17.0 kg, respectively. There was a significant difference in height, weight, and body mass index between patients who were suspected to have PUD and those who were not suspected on TUS (p=0.014, 0.008, and 0.005, respectively). A significant difference in the sensitivity of TUS in diagnosing PUD was found between patients under 30 kg and those over 30 kg (88.9% and 20.0%, respectively; p=0.003). CONCLUSION: TUS investigation of the stomach and duodenum is an efficient method for PUD detection in children with low body weight. TUS can be used in preliminary diagnostic work-up before further invasive tests.

Huge Intramural Duodenal Hematoma Complicated with Obstructive Jaundice following Endoscopic Hemostasis / 대한소화기학회지

Intramural hematoma of the duodenum is a relatively unusual complication associated with the endoscopic treatment of bleeding peptic ulcers. Intramural hematomas are typically resolved spontaneously with conservative treatment alone. We report a case of an intramural duodenal hematoma following endoscopic hemostasis with epinephrine injection therapy, which was associated with transient obstructive jaundice in a patient undergoing hemodialysis. The patient developed biliary sepsis due to obstruction of the common bile duct secondary to the huge hematoma. He was treated with fluoroscopy-guided drainage catheter insertion, which spontaneously resolved the biliary sepsis through conservative treatment in 6 weeks. Fluoroscopy-guided drainage may impact the treatment of intramural hematomas that involve life-threatening complications.

Laparoscopic Single Figure of Eight Suturing Omentopexy for the Treatment of a Perforated Duodenal Ulcer

PURPOSE: Safe and effective surgical treatment of peptic ulcer perforations is fundamental to achieve favorable outcomes. We present laparoscopic single figure of eight suturing omentopexy for perforated duodenal ulcer and review associated clinical outcomes. This is a new formulaic surgical technique for laparoscopic omentopexy. METHODS: Laparoscopic single figure of eight suturing omentopexies for perforated duodenal ulcer were completed in 15 consecutive patients between April 2008 and November 2017 at Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. Using prospectively collected data, we performed an observational study on an intention-to-treat basis. RESULTS: The mean age of the 15 patients who underwent laparoscopic repair was 41.7±13.9 years. The perforation site was the anterior duodenal bulb in all patients. The median perforation size was 5 mm (range: 3~8 mm). The mean operation time was 66.7±19.6 minutes. There was no evidence of leakage from the omentopexy site clinically or in the postoperative upper gastrointestinal series. One patient (6.7%) experienced the postoperative complication of pneumothorax. There were no cases of postoperative mortality or reoperation within 30 days after surgery. The median time to tolerance of regular diet was 6 (range: 4~9) days. The median postoperative hospital stay was 7 days (range: 5~11 days). CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic single figure of eight suturing omentopexy can be a viable option in the surgical management of perforated duodenal ulcer in selected patients without surgical risk factors. Laparoscopic single figure of eight suturing omentopexy is safe and easy to perform, and may therefore reduce operation time.

Tratamiento del sangrado digestivo alto / Upper digestive tract bleeding treatment

El sangrado digestivo alto (SDA) se define como la presencia de sangre en el tracto digestivo alto, proveniente de la mucosa o vasos sanguíneos que se localizan entre el esófago y el ángulo de Treitz. Las principales manifestaciones clínicas asociadas al SDA están dadas por la presencia de hematemesis, melena y en algunos casos hematoquezia, esta última relacionada con sangrados que cursan con aceleración del tránsito intestinal. En el Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín el SDA es un motivo frecuente de consulta en urgencias, que implica además un importante número de ingresos tanto al área crítica de Urgencias, Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos y hospitalización. La mortalidad por esta causa es variable, se estima en 3,5% al 10,0% y esta depende sobre todo de la edad del paciente y sus posibles enfermedades asociadas, la cuantía del sangrado y los hallazgos que se encuentren durante la realización del procedimiento endoscópico. El sangrado digestivo alto es autolimitado o cesa espontáneamente en el 80,0% de los casos. La causa más frecuente es la hemorragia por úlcera péptica (25,0% ulcera duodenal­23,0% ulcera gástrica). Con este protocolo clínico buscamos normar el manejo hospitalario de los pacientes que ingresan al área de Urgencias con el fin de unificar criterios que conlleven al manejo adecuado de los pacientes con sangrado digestivo alto.

Upper digestive tract bleeding (SDA) is defined as the presence of blood in the upper digestive tract, coming from the mucosa or blood vessels that are located between the esophagus and the Treitz angle. The main clinical manifestations associated with SDA are given by the presence of hematemesis, melena and in some cases hematochezia, the latter related to bleeding that occurs with the acceleration of intestinal transit. In the Hospital of Specialties Carlos Andrade Marín, the SDA is a frequent reason for consultation in the emergency room, which also implies an important number of admissions to the critical area of Emergency, Intensive Care Unit and hospitalization. Mortality from this cause is variable, it is estimated at 3,5% to 10,0% and this depends above all on the age of the patient and their possible associated diseases, the amount of bleeding and the findings that are found during the performance of the endoscopic procedure. High digestive bleeding is self-limiting or ceases spontaneously in 80,0% of cases. The most frequent cause is peptic ulcer hemorrhage (25,0% duodenal ulcer -23,0% gastric ulcer). With this clinical protocol, we seek to regulate the hospital management of patients who enter the Emergency Department to unify criteria that lead to the proper management of patients with high digestive bleeding.

Infecção pelo Helicobacter pylori e perfil imunológico em pacientes com diferentes doenças gastroduodenais / Helicobacter pylori infection and immune profile of patients with different gastroduodenal diseases

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The association between infection with Helicobacter pylori and different gastroduodenal diseases is related to bacterial, host and environmental factors. Studies have demonstrated an association between the genetic diversity of H. pylori, especially in the vacA and cagA genes, and the development of digestive diseases such as peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. In addition, the nature of the host inflammatory response may explain these different manifestations of infection caused by this microorganism. In this respect, host factors that regulate the immune and inflammatory responses involving the functional interaction of H. pylori infection with different components of the immune system, particularly T cells, in gastroduodenal diseases still need further investigation. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the immune response, including immunity induced by infection with H. pylori, especially virulent strains (vacA alleles and cagA gene), by analyzing the cytokine profile and T-cell population present in gastroduodenal diseases in a Brazilian population. METHODS: In a prospective study, gastric biopsies were collected from 554 patients with different gastroduodenal diseases for histological analysis and for the determination of bacterial genotype and cytokine production (IL-4, IL-10, IFN-γ and IL-12) by ELISA. RESULTS: The predominant genotype of the H. pylori strains isolated from the patients studied was s1m1cagA+, which was more common among patients with gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer and gastric cancer. A significant association was observed between the s1m1cagA+ genotype and a higher degree of inflammation, higher neutrophil activity and the development of intestinal metaplasia. The gastric concentrations of IFN-γ and IL-12 were significantly higher in patients infected with H. pylori than in uninfected individuals. Higher levels of these cytokines were detected in patients with gastric ulcer and cancer, while the levels of IL-4 and IL-10 in the gastric mucosa were lower in these patients. In addition, IFN-γ and IL-12 concentrations in gastric biopsies were higher in patients infected with the virulent s1m1cagA+ genotype. In contrast, IL-4 and IL-10 levels were higher in tissue infected with s2m2cagA in gastric biopsies. CONCLUSION: Our study shows that the interaction between the type of infectious strain and the Th1 immune response can influence and perpetuate gastric inflammation, and thus contributes to the development of the different clinical manifestations of H. pylori infection.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A associação da infecção por Helicobacter pylori com diferentes doenças gastroduodenais pode estar associada a fatores bacterianos, do hospedeiro e do ambiente. Nesse contexto, estudos têm demonstrado que a diversidade genética do H. pylori, sobretudo nos genes vacA e cagA, está associada ao desenvolvimento de doenças gastroduodenais como a úlcera péptica e o câncer gástrico. Além disso, a natureza da resposta inflamatória do hospedeiro pode explicar essas diferentes manifestações da infecção por esse microrganismo. Portanto, fatores do hospedeiro que regulam as respostas imunológica e inflamatória, envolvendo a interação funcional da infecção por H. pylori com diferentes membros do compartimento imunológico, especialmente respostas imunes de células T nas doenças gastroduodenais, ainda precisam ser melhor estudados. OBJETIVO: Caracterizar a resposta imune, incluindo imunidade induzida por infecção pelo H. pylori, especialmente com cepas virulentas de H. pylori (alelos vacA e gene cagA), através da análise do perfil de citocinas e da caracterização da população de células T presentes em doenças gastroduodenais em nossa população. MÉTODOS: Em um estudo prospectivo, foram coletadas biópsias gástricas de 554 pacientes portadores das diferentes doenças gastroduodenais. Nas amostras biológicas destes pacientes foi realizada a determinação do genótipo bacteriano e a detecção das citocinas IL-4, IL-10, INF-γ e IL-12 através do método Elisa. Foram obtidas biópsias gástricas para avaliação histológica. RESULTADOS: Observamos que o genótipo predominante nas cepas de H. pylori isoladas dos pacientes estudados foi s1m1cagA positivo, sendo mais frequentes entre os pacientes com úlcera gástrica, úlcera duodenal e câncer gástrico. Houve associação significativa das cepas com o genótipo s1m1cagA positivo com maior grau de inflamação, atividade neutrofílica e desenvolvimento de metaplasia intestinal. As concentrações gástricas de INF-γ e IL-12 foram significativamente mais elevadas em pacientes infectados pelo H. pylori do que nos não infectados. Foram detectados níveis mais elevados dessas citocinas nos portadores de úlcera e câncer gástrico, sendo que nesses pacientes foram observados níveis mais baixos de IL-4 e IL-10 na mucosa gástrica. Além disso, as concentrações de INF-γ e IL-12 em biópsias gástricas, foram mais elevadas nos pacientes portadores das cepas bacterianas virulentas s1m1cagA+. Contrariamente, os níveis de IL-4 e IL-10 foram maiores em tecido infectado por cepas s2m2cagA. Pacientes com maior grau de inflamação, de atividade neutrofílica e presença de metaplasia intestinal, apresentaram níveis mais elevados de INF-γ e IL-12 e uma concentração mais baixa de IL-4 e IL-10 nas biópsias gástricas. CONCLUSÃO: Nosso estudo demonstra que a interação entre o tipo de cepa infectante e resposta imunológica com perfil Th1, podem influenciar e perpetuar a inflamação gástrica contribuindo para o desenvolvimento de diferentes manifestações clínicas na infecção pelo H. pylori.

Risk factors of helicobacter pylori infection in an urban community in northeast Brazil and the relationship between the infection and gastric diseases

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Helicobacter pylori, a water contaminant, is the primary pathogenic agent associated with gastric diseases in humans. Exposure to H. pylori is more likely higher in developing countries. This study aimed to evaluate the risk factors associated with H. pylori infection in patients undergoing endoscopy to validate the cause of dyspeptic symptoms in an urban population in northeast Brazil and to compare the urease test and polymerase chain reaction assay results with the histopathological findings. METHODS: We evaluated 200 of 759 individuals with dyspeptic complaints from Campina Grande, State of Paraiba, northeast Brazil. Patients underwent endoscopy, followed by gastric biopsies. Logistic regression analysis was performed to adjust for confounders and to determine significant risk factors of dyspeptic disorders. RESULTS: Women accounted for 72.5% (145/200) of the participants. Approximately 59.8% (120/200) of the samples tested positive for H. pylori based on histological examinations. The specificity of polymerase chain reaction assay was higher than that of the urease test (77% vs. 64%, p=0.034). City drinking water [odds ratio (OR): 2.6; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3-5.21; p=0.004] and smoking (OR: 4.0; 95% CI: 1.13-14.5; p=0.031) were the risk factors of H. pylori infection. Belching was the most common symptom associated with H. pylori infection (p=0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The increased risk of H. pylori infection associated with non-treated water consumption indicates the need for improvements in public water treatment and better sanitary conditions because these can be a source of not only H. pylori infections but also other water-borne pathogen infections.

Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy applied in pediatrics: endoscopic and histological findings, including Helicobacter pylori / Endoscopia digestiva alta aplicada em pediatria: hallazgos endoscópicos e histológicos incluyendo al Helicobacter pylory

Objective: To present and discuss the endoscopic and histological results, as well as the incidence of Helicobacter pylori and other diseases, indications and characteristics of upper digestive endoscopies performed in children. Material and methods: Twenty-five endoscopies were performed in children aged six months to 11 years (mean 7.69 years), from February 2013 to January 2016. In 200 patients, endoscopies were diagnostic and serial biopsies were performed (esophagus, stomach and duodenum), in 120 of them. Results: The indication of endoscopy was diagnosed in 88.89% of the patients, and in 26 patients, a therapeutic procedure was performed. The most frequent endoscopic findings were esophagitis in 49 patients, gastritis in 84 and duodenitis in 16 patients. Four duodenal ulcers were diagnosed. In the therapeutic endoscopies, six gastrostomies were performed, 14 foreign body withdrawals, five nasoenteral tube passages and esophageal dilatation. The H. pylori survey was performed by anatomopathological method and was positive in 26 (13%) of the 200 patients in whom it was searched. Conclusion: pediatric endoscopy is an important niche of the digestive endoscopy, where it is important to emphasize the relevance of the institutional structure that performs these procedures, in order to conduct them safely, being able to treat possible and feasible complications

Objetivo: Presentar y discutir los hallazgos endoscópicos e histológicos, así como la incidencia de Helicobacter pylori y otras enfermedades, indicaciones y características de endoscopia digestiva alta realizada en niños. Material y métodos: Fueron realizadas 225 endoscopias en niños de seis meses a 11 años (media de 7,69 años) a partir de febrero de 2013 hasta enero de 2016. En 200 pacientes, en las endoscopias diagnósticas se llevan a cabo biopsias seriadas (esófago, estómago y duodeno) en 120 de ellos. Resultados: La indicación de endoscopia fue diagnóstica en el 88,89% de los pacientes y en 26 pacientes se realizaron un procedimiento terapéutico. Los hallazgos endoscópicos más frecuentes fueron esofagitis en 49 pacientes, gastritis y duodenitis 84 y en 16 pacientes se diagnosticaron cuatro úlceras duodenales. En endoscopias terapéuticas fueron realizadas seis gastrostomías, catorce extracciones de cuerpos extraños, cinco pasajes de sonda nasogástrica y una dilatación esofágica. El estudio de H. pylori se realizó por el método histopatológico y fué positivo en 26 (13%) de 200 pacientes en los que se han buscado. Conclusión: La endoscopía pediátrica es un nicho importante de la endoscopía digestiva donde es importante enfatizar la relevancia de la estructura institucional que realiza estos procedimientos para conducirlos con seguridad y ser capaces de tratar las complicaciones posibles

Covered Self-expandable Metallic Stent Insertion as a Rescue Procedure for Postoperative Leakage after Primary Repair of Perforated Duodenal Ulcer / 대한소화기학회지

Surgery has been the standard treatment for perforated duodenal ulcers, with mostly good results. However, the resolution of postoperative leakage after primary repair of perforated duodenal ulcer remains challenging. There are several choices for re-operation required in persistent leakage from perforated duodenal ulcers. However, many of these choices are complicated surgical procedures requiring prolonged general anesthesia that may increase the chances of morbidity and mortality. Several recent reports have demonstrated postoperative leakage after primary repair of a perforated duodenal ulcer treated with endoscopic insertion using a covered self-expandable metallic stent, with good clinical results. We report a case with postoperative leakage after primary repair of a perforated duodenal ulcer treated using a covered self-expandable metallic stent.

Ulcères gastriques et duodenaux à Cotonou: aspects épidémiologiques, cliniques, endoscopiques et thérapeutiques

L'ulcère gastrique ou duodénal (UGD) est une affection plurifactorielle. Une prévalence de 16,6% en avait été rapportée en 2005 au Bénin. Le but de notre étude est de décrire les aspects épidémiologiques, cliniques, endoscopiques et thérapeutiques des UGD observés de nos jours à Cotonou. Patients et méthodes : Il s'agissait d'une étude prospective, transversale, descriptive et analytique. Elle a colligé du 1er octobre 2015 au 30 avril 2016, tous les sujets de plus de 15 ans ayant présenté un UGD à l'endoscopie dans les services des maladies digestives de l'hôpital de Zone de Mènontin et de l'hôpital d'Instruction des Armées de Cotonou. Résultats : Sur 411 patients inclus, 30 avaient un UGD soit une prévalence de 7,3 %. Les ulcères duodénaux étaient observés chez des sujets jeunes avec un âge moyen de 38 ± 6,9 ans ; tandis que les ulcères gastriques étaient observés chez des sujets plus âgés avec un âge moyen de 58 ± 7 ans. La sex-ratio était de 2,8. Les épigastralgies étaient la principale manifestation présente dans 70% des cas. La localisation de l'ulcère était gastrique dans 36,7%, duodénale dans 53,3 %, double dans 10% des cas. Les principales causes étaient la consommation de médicaments gastro-toxiques et l'Helicobacter pylori. Les Inhibiteurs de la pompe à protons étaient prescrits dans tous les cas et l'éradication de l'Helicobacter pylori faite dans 94,7% des cas avec une évolution favorable à 2 mois de contrôle. Conclusion : la prévalence des UGD a diminué de plus de 50% en onze ans à Cotonou. L'amélioration du niveau d'hygiène et la sensibilisation contre l'automédication pourraient davantage contribuer à réduire cette prévalence